Computing Embraces Specialization After Moore's Law

Technology commentary argues that Moore's Law's predictable transistor scaling has ended and computing now advances through specialization, new materials, stacking, and energy-focused designs. Presented at the Supercomputing SC25 conference in St Louis, speakers highlighted heterogeneous systems combining CPUs, GPUs, AI accelerators, and emerging quantum or photonic co-processors for domain-specific workloads. Practically, software and architecture must be co-designed to manage energy, latency, and trade-offs.